Can Trees Be Precursors For Earthquake Prediction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 480 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Earthquake Essay Did you like this example? This project investigates trees, earthquakes, atmosphere and ionosphere as a coupled system to see if trees can be used as precursor for short term earthquake prediction alongside other long, intermediate and short term precursors. History has shown animals can and have predicted earthquakes (Cao et al., 2018, Tong 1988), but the general tone of this topic has been negative (Geller 1997). Plants have been used to indicate natural disasters (Ha KM 2018) and warn each other of predictors (Babikova et al., 2013). Tree rings have been used as evidence for past earthquakes (Jacobyet al., 1988) and trees have been used to monitor climate change (Aubin et al., 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can Trees Be Precursors For Earthquake Prediction?" essay for you Create order However research into using trees to predict earthquakes is fragmented. Trees communicate with each other by using an underground network of fungi. Fungi provide tree roots with nutrients and help the tree root to uptake water via mycellia and trees provide the fungi food as carbohydrates and sugars.(Nature 2018 ,Fleming 2014,Wohlleben 2016) I believe if this communication between fungi and tree is disturbed by some perpetuation (such as ground shacking pre or during earthquakes) the tree becomes deprived of these vital nutrients and water for its growth. The tree in response to this deprivation of nutrients tries harder to get and transport water and nutrient to other parts of the tree. As the nutrient resource decreases the tree tries harder and transports gas bubbles with the depleted nutrients. These gas bubbles restrict the flow of nutrients around the tree and cause the tree stress just like when trees are deprived of water during droughts (Nature 2018). The tree then gives of signals such as low frequency ultrasonic waves, sent poisonous gas (Nature 2018) and possibly gas/water emitted from leaves to atmosphere as the tree tries to remove the restricting gas from within. This may cause some kind of ionisation reaction in the form of flashing light phenomena in the atmosphere above the tree. This may add to the str ange phenomena earthquake lights seen before/during/after earthquakes (Janski et al., 2018). These flashes of lights above the tree may also help indicate a warning sign for an earthquake. However, this requires further research. So in summary, below the ground tree roots detect the ground shaking and send signals to other parts of the tree above the ground. Above the ground stressed trees emit warning signs in the form of low frequency ultrasonic waves due to transporting gas around the tree. Above the tree the leaves release the gas to the atmosphere to cause some kind of ionisation reaction in form of possible flashing lights This coupled system of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere requires further research. More research is required into how trees communicate warning signals to life and the surrounding environment to see if they can be used as short term precursors for mitigating future earthquake alongside other precursors to help transform precise data into practical earthquake prediction, to save life and prevent infrastructure loss.

Reliving the Nightmare Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay

Reliving the Nightmare: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After the terrorist attacks on September 11th, horrific images of the towers collapsing, survivors fleeing, and the rescue and recovery efforts inundated television viewers. In the weeks following the attacks, numerous news accounts reported increasing general anxiety among Americans, with many individuals reporting sleep difficulties and trouble concentrating. Additionally, much attention focused on the effects on those who directly witnessed and/or were injured the attacks, and whether they would suffer from post traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD (4). I will give a brief overview of the definition of PTSD, the neurobiology behind it, and what environmental factors†¦show more content†¦These symptoms must last for more than a month to be diagnosed as PTSD. Certain environmental cues that are reminiscent of the traumatic event may trigger symptoms, and anniversaries of the trauma are often difficult (1). The biological roots of post-traumatic stress disorder also partly lie in serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in such functions as hunger, aggression, sleep, and fear response. The neurons that produce serotonin have raphe nuclei in the brain stem and extend to other parts of the central nervous system, including the amygdala, a small, almond-shaped portion of the brain that controls fear response. Anxiety results in lower levels of serotonin (5), and these lower serotonin levels may act on the amygdala in some way to help produce the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health and the Anxiety Disorders Association of America co-sponsored a recent conference at which researchers declared that circuits involving the central nucleus of the amygdala appear to process conditioned fear responses to specific stimuli, while circuits involving a closely related area, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, handle non-cue-specific, non- conditioned anxiety. Both circuits, in turn, connect to the hypothalamus , brainstem, and other brain areas mediating specific signs of fear and anxiety. However, further research on the amygdalas specific roleShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder1149 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD was first taken seriously when the Vietnam veterans returned from the war. Combat experience is the most commonly linked to this disorder. However, studies have shown that there are many different causes. These studies were applied to a wide variety of traumas that people have experienced in various horrific events. 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Some mental disorders are genetic, but yet other disorders come from the things that people encounter in life. One mental disord er that is being diagnosed more often every day is called Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. This is a disorder that does not discriminate based on genetics, race, age, or even sex. This mental disorder occurs due to events in a person’s life. As everyone knows it is naturalRead MoreSymptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder843 Words   |  4 PagesThe client is showing symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD. Under the DSM-V the diagnostic code follows 309.81 (F43.10) and finds the criteria by clinically significant distress or impairment in social and/or occupational dysfunction for a period of at least one month and symptoms are not due to medical condition, medication or drugs and alcohol. 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One can assume that Billy developedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MoreWhat Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?977 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT IS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER? What is post-traumatic stress disorder? Dr. Shira Maguen defines it as an anxiety disorder that may develop after an individual is exposed to one or more traumatic events.(Maguen 2008). In war situations military service members are exposed to many potential traumatic events. They could be put in life threatening danger or could be seriously injured. Witnessing a traumatic event such as a comrade being killed can also affect a service member. To be diagnosed

The Growth Stage Free Essays

The growth stage brings many challenges to blended value businesses, and one of the most significant concerning mission preservation involves changes in leadership during scaling, especially to the role of the founder. It is common in early-stage businesses for the founder to guide all aspects of the organization. When companies begin to grow, however, things start to change. We will write a custom essay sample on The Growth Stage or any similar topic only for you Order Now From this moment onward, the involvement of the founder with the company must evolve as much as the firm itself does. At this point, formal governance systems and processes must be created to take the place of the informal ones employed during the start-up phase. The transfer of responsibility from the charismatic individual, the founder, to the governing board is one hallmark of a more substantial shift toward a more systemized, collaborative approach that needs to take place in all businesses as they grow (Clark, Emerson Thornley, 2014). For social entrepreneurships, it can signal a dangerous moment for the social mission. Often the founder’s leadership—his or her passion and vision—is what establishes the clear connection between the business and mission in the first place. As the leadership shifts from founder to governing board, new ways need to be found to embed mission in the systems that will provide direction for the business from this point on. Shifting leadership from founder to board can be a challenge for many types of organizations, but it may present a particular obstacle for social entrepreneurships. The figure of the founder looms large in the social impact world encouraged by a high number of prizes and programs aimed at individual entrepreneurs. Partly as a result of such well-meaning support efforts, some founders have risen to personal prominence alongside their blended value companies, becoming public faces for their businesses, ambassadors for their brand with high media, and field level visibility. At the growth stage, such over-emphasis on founders can create the conditions under which so-called founder’s syndrome can arise. How to cite The Growth Stage, Papers

Fight Club Essay Example For Students

Fight Club Essay In today’s society, more and more, you see people trying to find themselves, in pursuit of happiness. The movie, â€Å"Fight Club† deals with this inner search of happiness, which has dangerous reactions. Edward Norton stars as a bored office worker named jack. An insomniac who lives by himself in an apartment filled bursting with consumer furniture and appliances, he starts to spend evenings going to self help groups for everything from testicular cancer to tuberculosis because he finds becoming a person other than himself each night adds comfort to his life. As he attends them more and more, he discovers that someone else has been doing the same thing as him. Her name is Marla Singer. He confronts her about this, and they decide to split the help groups up amongst each other. Now enters Tyler Durden. Tyler is a soap salesmen who Jack meets on a flight back home. They become friends after Jack’s apartment blows up in some kind of freak explosion. He moves in with Tyler, and they start something called fight club. In this club they basically beat the snot out of each other, in response to the dissatisfaction of their pathetic, working class lives. The club surprisingly grows larger and larger with each night, and eventually develops into some sort of urban terrorist group. Then one day Tyler was gone. Jack begins to worry where he went, and at the same time begins to realize all that was going on, and how it has all gotten out of hand. He begins a search for Tyler, but in reality it is a search of self actualization. In this search he realizes that Tyler is just an alter ego of himself. He had created Tyler, a man that was everything that he wanted to be, and it began to take a major role in his life. He begins to realize that everything that Tyler had done, was in reality him. The movie shows the gradual breakdown of a person, who had felt lost, and nothing around him seemed to fulfill his life. With this alter-ego he created, it turned his life around, making everything more enjoyable. This also however took a bad downward spiral, when Tyler, his imaginary presence, began doing extreme things that were harmful to other people. At this point Jack realized the insanity that he had created in his head, and how it effected his body, and actions. He attempted to resolve the problems that he created, but they were to large to fix. His fight club that he had created, was so large, that wherever he went, there were members. The only way he knew how to end the madness was to physically destroy his alter ego. He figures out that by placing a gun to his head, he was also placing a gun to Tyler’s head. So he basically shoots himself in the head, thus symbolizing the destruction of his alter ego, and the end to the madness. Fight Club was an excellent representation of what can go on in the head. They demonstrated clearly the effects of an alter ego which can create temporary happiness but in the long run, do more damage then good. Although somewhat unrealistic and confusing at points, Fight club was a great psychological thriller, worth seeing.